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We take it for granted that FPS games\h
these days are going to conform to the\h\h

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control methods of WASD for movement, and your\h
trusty old mouse for aiming. It feels natural,\h\h

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intuitive, as life should be. But\h
it wasn’t so long ago when we were\h\h

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all using a more conventional\h
control system… the ARROW keys.

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Anyone who says they played Doom back in\h
the day, but can’t master arrow keys in\h\h

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conjunction with the CTRL and SHIFT keys is\h
a filthy rotten liar. This was our staple,\h\h

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this was how we moved, and it\h
was, well it had it’s limitations,\h\h

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but at least we were all on the same page.\h
That is, until one guy changed everything….

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And you can change everything too,\h
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00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:47,440
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22
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Check out my link below and get immersed today!

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But before that, WASD and the mouse was\h
already a thing. It had been used before,\h\h

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and some might say, to great effect.

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This is Dark Castle on the Sega Mega Drive,\h\h

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and it’s a howling piece of utter sh*t.\h
However, before it got there, it was here,\h\h

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on the Apple Mac, in 1986, and the one\h
thing the Mac definitely had, was a mouse.

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STORM CLOUDS

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CLASSICAL MUSIC

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A DARK CASTLE

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YOU FIND YOURSELF IN A DARK ROOM.

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The scene is set. Now all we need to do is\h
navigate this place (not like that). Our\h\h

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protagonist, Duncan, can do all the\h
usual platform manoeuvres… running,\h\h

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jumping, ducking, and throwing\h
rocks at enemy faces. Yeah,\h\h

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maybe not to much the last one. But it’s\h
the method of control that is unusual here,\h\h

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or unusual for the time. WASD is used to dictate\h
Duncan’s direction, whilst the mouse can be used\h\h

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to aim his arm and fire. So, very much like\h
our modern day use, just in a Platform game.

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The reason the Mega Drive version was\h
so utter tripe pants, is because it\h\h

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tried to port this very specific control\h
method to a control pad. How the hell\h\h

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that was ever going to work, I have no\h
idea. But, it didn’t, and it was crap.

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So, that’s great you may say, but 1986 we had\h
a solid set of controls…. so what happened?

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Well, Dark Castle wasn’t that much of a\h
well known game. I mean, it was on the Mac\h\h

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for sure. But the ports it received to other\h
systems weren’t popular, and were generally\h\h

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inferior. Given the Mac wasn’t known as a gaming\h
platform, WASD was left to the history books.

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If you look at other home computers of the\h
time, take the ZX Spectrum for example. One\h\h

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of the most control layouts was to use the QAOP\h
and space keys. Wielding the full extent of the\h\h

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keyboard if you will. Here, Q is up A is down, O\h
is left, P is right and Space is fire. It’s very\h\h

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likely you rest your fingers on these keys\h
on your keyboard now. Try it. It’s natural,\h\h

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and that’s what it was all about. Finding\h
a configuration that felt, natural.

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So, then, along comes the IBM PC AT\h
Compatible, and one thing about the\h\h

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IBM PC AT Compatible, is that it has a full\h
size keyboard, along with numeric keypad,\h\h

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that block of weird control keys, function\h
buttons, and of course, the arrow keys.

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And here’s the problem. The arrow keys\h
were never really a comfortable method\h\h

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of control. When you rest your hand on them,\h
most of your hand is hanging in mid air. You\h\h

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have to pull your arm back off the edge\h
of the desk. You have to work with those\h\h

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keys… and really, that’s because they\h
existed just to navigate Word documents,\h\h

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spreadsheets and the like. Not for you to pound\h
to hell as you frantically move around E1M1.

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The arrow keys were not a comfortable\h
choice. They were a logical choice.\h\h

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They are directional. Games need\h
direction. You can see the quandary.

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Using the arrow keys with gaming has been\h
a staple then since the 80s. Even with\h\h

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the original IBM XT Machines, and their model F\h
keyboards (which lacked dedicated cursor keys),\h\h

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the numpad still had cursors\h
using the 4,8,6 and 2 keys,\h\h

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which of course carried over to later\h
keyboards. When AT machines came along,\h\h

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numeric pad cursor presses and dedicated cursor\h
presses became essentially interchangeable.

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Just don’t talk to me about Wang keyboards.\h
I have no idea what’s going on there….

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So games like Borgwar, or Elite\h
or Outrun or Duke Nukem, etc, etc,\h\h

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all used cursor keys. If you had a joystick\h
and a soundcard to plug one into, then great,\h\h

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otherwise the keyboard was your friend. Of\h
course games towards the end of the 80s and\h\h

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early 90s started heavily using mouse controls\h
too. But it was uncommon for a game to need\h\h

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mouse control and keyboard control consistently\h
at the same time. More common was the need to\h\h

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execute some functions using the keyboard,\h
but with the mouse as your main control.

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But action games, were mostly keyboard.\h
So when Hovertank, and importantly,\h\h

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Wolfenstein 3D came along, it\h
stuck to the well known formula;

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It went a bit like this; Forwards, backwards,\h
look left, look right. But what about if you\h\h

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wanted to side-step or strafe. Well, that\h
would usually entail holding down the ALT\h\h

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key in conjunction with left and right. If you\h
wanted to move faster, you’d hold down shift too,\h\h

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and if you wanted to fire, then you’d use\h
CTRL. Personally I preferred the cramped style,\h\h

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using all the keys on the right of the\h
board, but a lot of people opted for\h\h

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the keys on the left. Whatever your\h
preference, this was the standard.

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As you’d expect, Id’s DOOM was no different, and\h
really popularised this FPS control format. From\h\h

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this point on, almost every 90s FPS\h
would rely on the same set of keys.

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However, despite myths suggesting otherwise Doom\h
actually had mouse support from the go. In fact,\h\h

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Version 1.0 of the game had it right\h
there in the setup menu. In fact,\h\h

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Wolfenstein 3D also had mouse support, too,\h
it’s just that, well, most people didn’t use it.

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The first reason, especially for Wolfenstein,\h\h

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is that many machines didn’t actually come\h
with a mouse. If you didn’t have Windows,\h\h

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and lived exclusively in the realm of\h
DOS, well, there wasn’t much need for one.

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The second reason for that is familiarity.\h
People stuck to what they knew. For action games,\h\h

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that meant the keyboard. It just a bit\h
weird to use a mouse in this manner.\h\h

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Especially pushing the mouse forward and\h
backward to step forward and backward.

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The third reason was that Doom was a DOS\h
game, and out of the box, DOS doesn’t have\h\h

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mouse support. To get mouse support you needed\h
to install a MOUSE driver upon boot. Easy enough,\h\h

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but a mouse driver used precious conventional\h
memory, and for DOS users that stuff was vital.

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Plus – and this is important – have you seen\h
the DPI on these old Mice. It is ATROTIOUS.\h\h

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Playing any game that required quick movement\h
was HELL, unless you had a VERY expensive mouse.

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A January 1994 Usenet survey by Richard\h
Ward actually reported around 28% of\h\h

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users to be using mouse controls,\h
compared to 61% using the keyboard\h\h

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and 11% using a joystick. But this was\h
die hard Internet primed gamers. From\h\h

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a more casual perspective, I would\h
assume it was about half of that.

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But actually, if you got down to it,\h\h

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it was clear the Mouse was the superior\h
controller… as Romero himself testifies.

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Nerd: “So, John Romero, legend… can you confirm\h
that Doom was designed to be used with a mouse?”

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Romero: “Absolutely. Even Wolfenstein\h
was designed to be used with a mouse.\h\h

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Doom was absolutely designed to be used with\h
a mouse. We put strafe on the mouse (the 2nd\h\h

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mouse button). It’s the best way to play\h
the game. You try and deathmatch somebody\h\h

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who’s using keyboard only… they’re done.\h
Yeah the mouse just changed everything”

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Nerd: “So it makes it quicker,\h
more nimble, everything is better”

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Romero: “Yeah, it will beat\h
everyone on a console on a\h\h

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console if you were using a\h
mouse and a keyboard, yeah”

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Nerd: “Perfect, thank you very much!”

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Just take a look at the Doom Demo loops. It’s\h
blatantly clear here that John Romero was using\h\h

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the mouse to record these. Whereas\h
a keyboard offers a digital input,\h\h

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and therefore a consistent speed\h
of turning, the mouse is analogue,\h\h

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which allows you to spin quickly (or slowly)\h
from left to right, giving you greater control.

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It also allowed you to strafe around enemies\h
with a steady and constant aim on them,\h\h

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rather than the jerky controls offered by the\h
keyboard. It’s the same concept as early racing\h\h

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games. On a keyboard, you are either turning\h
fully or you are not turning at all. Steering\h\h

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is on or off. With analogue controls, such as the\h
mouse, you get a proportionate amount of control.

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But, what made things feel restrictive here was\h
that you couldn’t look up and down. Doom isn’t a\h\h

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true 3D game. This world isn’t true 3D. It’s\h
Pseudo 3D and so, our abilities are limited.

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That’s where Quake comes in.

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BUT before we get to Quake, it was again\h
the Apple Macintosh that got there first.

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In December 1994, Bungee released a game called\h
Marathon on the Mac, featuring a full 3D world,\h\h

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and making full use of the mouse in the process.\h
Featuring Free-Look, you could use the mouse to\h\h

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explore your world fully, looking up and down\h
and left and right. The thing with Marathon,\h\h

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is it didn’t include default controls to\h
make use of this. It’s almost like the mouse\h\h

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looking control was designed to be used completely\h
independently to the keyboard controls. With Doom,\h\h

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it wasn’t really an issue, as you could\h
push the mouse forward to move forward,\h\h

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and backward to move backward. With Marathon,\h
you’d have to use the keyboard to move,\h\h

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and then attempt to strafe with one hand….\h
it just wasn’t simple. Some people opted\h\h

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for key configurations such as ASDC,\h
with A and S to strafe left and right,\h\h

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and D and C to move forwards and backwards.\h
A sort of proto-WSAD if you like.

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But again, being on the Mac, it just didn’t\h
reach the audiences of PC based game.

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00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:23,732
[The Look by Roxette plays]

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00:11:23,732 --> 00:11:30,000
[Quake sounds]

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By the time Quake arrived in 1996,\h
you could also now look up and down,\h\h

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BUT, it wasn’t really necessary. Gamers had\h
become so used to playing with the keyboard,\h\h

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that adding LOOK controls into the equation was\h
just a pain. I mean, how would you even do that?

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Well, it turns out by using the same method as\h
STRAFING. Just holding down another button and\h\h

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00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:53,600
pressing up and down. But it’s cumbersome, and in\h
the heat of the action, that’s not what you need.

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So, you can use the mouse, but\h
this was such an alien concept,\h\h

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that you had to enable it using the\h
Quake console. Open it up type +MLOOK,\h\h

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and THEN you can use the mouse to\h
look around. It’s not even a standard\h\h

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00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:11,200
option in the menu. To the game, this was\h
effectively the same as holding down a key.

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00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:16,080
If you wanted to play Quake on anything other\h
than Easy, this was really the way to do it.

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00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:20,480
Now, you might ask why it wasn’t a default\h
option, and the reason is simple. It’s legacy,\h\h

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00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:23,800
it’s that old adage of sticking to\h
what we’re used to. John Romero even\h\h

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00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:28,360
said it himself “…when we released Quake\h
I thought mouselook was too advanced as\h\h

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a default so made it an option.\h
Defaulted on in later update.”.

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00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:37,480
It wouldn’t be until Quake 2 when\h
mouselook would become default,\h\h

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00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:44,820
and that’s when players really started upping\h
their game, especially in the online arena.

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ONLINE

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00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:51,240
Services like BT Wireplay allowed\h
users to dial up to servers,\h\h

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00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:55,360
and engage in huge multiplayer battles.\h
You could do this with Duke Nukem 3D and\h\h

155
00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:59,320
you could do it with Quake 2… and the\h
thing that happens when you have a lot\h\h

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00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:05,320
of people playing against is other, is\h
some of them get good…. REALLY good.

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This realm. This mixing pot of good players does\h
something. It leads players to come up with ways\h\h

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of making themselves better, of levelling up\h
even harder, and that means taking a step back,\h\h

159
00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:21,360
looking at methods of control, and thinking…\h
how can I make this better serve me?

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00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:26,880
That’s exactly what a gentleman by\h
the name of Dennis “Thresh” Fong did.

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00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:30,960
On Monday August 26th 1996, the\h
Wall Street Journal featured an\h\h

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00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:33,840
article about the first “professional gamer”

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00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:37,280
“Thresh”… short for “Threshold”, had\h
been into gaming since the years of\h\h

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MUDS. But it was Quake which really made his\h
senses pop, and Thresh got good, REAL good.

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On 27th August 1996, the San\h
Francisco Examiner reported;

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00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:53,040
“At the start of a recent computer tournament\h
near here, fingers twitched nervously on mice\h\h

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and keyboards as 200 young enthusiasts from around\h
the country waited for the marathon competition to\h\h

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begin. Suddenly, there was a gasp in the hall.\h
Someone glancing at the roster of entrants spied\h\h

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a name that provoked instant fear. “THRESH”? he\h
exclaimed. “Is he playing?” another asked. Soon\h\h

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the room was in revolt, with contestants refusing\h
to play, relenting only after Thresh agreed to\h\h

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00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:20,960
withdraw. “I’ll challenge anyone to a deathmatch”,\h
said Jason Langas, a 17 year old gamer from San\h\h

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00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:27,880
Jose who attended the June tounrament in Santa\h
Clara. “Except Thresh. He’ll kill be blindfolded”

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00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:33,800
And part of the key to Thresh’s ability\h
was the control setup he had adopted.

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00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,080
In a 2019 Vox interview, he explained.

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00:14:36,080 --> 00:14:40,560
“some people used arrow keys, which were on the\h
right hand side of the keyboard, and the mouse,\h\h

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00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:45,600
some people would only use a keyboard,\h
some people would use a horizonal row,\h\h

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like ASDF… I found WASD on my left hand, and\h
then using the mouse on my right hand to be\h\h

178
00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:57,960
the most comfortable…. By default you have\h
to switch the numbers to switch weapons…”

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00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:01,600
Thresh may not have been the first, but\h
he was undoubtably the most notorious,\h\h

180
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,720
to land on this particular configuration.

181
00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:11,080
Whereas some may have preferred to use ESDF as\h
their inverted T, or even RDFG. WASD had the\h\h

182
00:15:11,080 --> 00:15:15,480
benefit of being close enough to the SHIFT and\h
CTRL keys to use your pinky, close enough to the\h\h

183
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:21,320
SPACE BAR to use your thumb, and within easy reach\h
of the number buttons. For most it was perfect.

184
00:15:21,320 --> 00:15:26,480
“people started copying and using WSAD and\h
the mouse as their standard key configuration”

185
00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:30,560
Thresh was becoming so well known, not just in\h
the gaming community, but also in the media,\h\h

186
00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:36,440
that people wanted to know his secrets, and this\h
was one that could be applied to almost everyone.

187
00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:39,800
This became so well known, that\h
by the time Quake 2 did come out,\h\h

188
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:45,240
not only did it have mouselook as default, but\h
you could also type THRESH.CFG into the console,\h\h

189
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:50,520
and immediately use Thresh’s control\h
setup. Including sensitivity and speed.

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00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:53,640
This then, was the breeding ground,\h
and from there it didn’t take long\h\h

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00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:57,320
to spread to other FPS games as default controls.

192
00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:11,040
So, when Half Life came out in 1998, using WASD\h
and mouse as default, the deal was sealed. Half\h\h

193
00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:16,840
Life was such a popular game, that the arrow\h
keys of old made way, and WASD took over.

194
00:16:16,840 --> 00:16:21,480
Of course, this wasn’t the end for arrow keys.\h
Other games still made use of them for years,\h\h

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00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:26,280
and indeed still do. But their podium place\h
was toppled. Where once they were King,\h\h

196
00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:31,200
they were now an option, just\h
like WASD had been in the past.

197
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:35,560
In a full circular pattern the Arrow keys were\h
back where they started. Serving Spreadsheets,\h\h

198
00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:41,440
Word documents and command lines. Living out\h
their old age in peace, just like they should be.

199
00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:45,120
We still love you arrow keys, we always will.

200
00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:47,680
Thank you for your service.

201
00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:53,000
Until next time, I’ve been\h
Nostalgia Nerd. Toodleoo.

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00:17:04,998 --> 00:17:10,497
[The Look by Roxette plays out]